The Troubled Life of Funny Man, Paul Lynde

No posts.

Paul Lynde. 1926-1982.

Greetings ~

Back in the 1960s, one of the hardest working actors, it seemed, was Paul Lynde. He was in just about everything comedy related. Every time I watched him on the screen, I laughed my behind off. This was one funny guy.

He had a great part on the TV show, The Munsters as Dr. Dudley. Then he showed up on F-Troop and stole the show. He was on variety shows, specials, it seemed that everyone on TV wanted him on their shows. I think his biggest spot was on Bewitched as Uncle Arthur. This is where his comedy style came through the best with all his sight gags.

At the time, everyone knew that Paul was homosexual, but no one cared. He wasn't like other gay actors, he actually used it to his advantage on the programs. And it worked!

I was never a big game show fan. To me, games shows are boring. Plus, why would I want to see OTHERS win money? But I always watched the Hollywood Squares just because Paul Lynde was on it. His answers always generated a good laugh for me. Paul was simply a funny, funny guy. None of us had any idea how much he struggled with homosexuality. I remember in 1982 when I heard that he had died, it was a bad time. We had lost a great comic actor.

If there's any good thing about an actor's death, it's only that we can still go on watching them. Their image never really dies. So, I still laugh my head off every time I see Paul Lynde on TV. Uncle Arthur and Dr. Dudley and the others will never die. What a shame he had to die at such a young age. But he still brings laughter to those who watch him on the old re-runs.

I had missed the Paul Lynde show originally. I was in the Army when it aired. It only lasted for one season. Recently I saw several episodes of the show on Youtube. It's terrible! The 1970s produced some good shows like All in the Family, the Jeffersons, etc. But it also produced a lot of duds. This was one of them. The writing was terrible. If only Paul could have had better writers and a better cast, the show may have been remembered as a really funny program. Too bad.

But I will always remember Paul Lynde as one of my very favorite comics. He can still make me laugh without even trying. Thanks Paul!

Total Pageviews

Hello! I'm Mr. Ed

Blog Created: 8-30-2024

Last Updated: 8-31-2024

Credits:

Followers

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Paul Edward Lynde (/lɪnd/; June 13, 1926 – January 10, 1982) was an American comedian, actor and game show panelist. A character actor with a distinctively campy and snarky persona that often poked fun at his closeted homosexuality, Lynde was well known for his roles as Uncle Arthur on Bewitched, the befuddled father Harry MacAfee in Bye Bye Birdie and a regular "center square" panelist on the game show The Hollywood Squares from 1968 to 1981. He also voiced animated characters for five Hanna-Barbera productions.

Lynde regularly topped audience polls of most-liked TV stars, and was routinely admired and recognized by his peers during his lifetime. Mel Brooks once described Lynde as being capable of getting laughs by reading "a phone book, tornado alert, or seed catalogue". Lynde once said that, while he would rather be recognized as a serious actor, "we live in a world that needs laughter and I've decided if I can make people laugh, I'm making a more important contribution."

East High Street Historic District, Mount Vernon, Ohio.

Early life ~

Paul Lynde was born in Mount Vernon, Ohio, the son of Sylvia Bell Lynde (née Doup) and Hoy Corydon Lynde, who owned and operated a meat market. Fifth-born among six siblings, Lynde had older sisters, Grace and Helen, older brothers, Richard Hoy and Coradon ("Cordy") George and younger brother, John ("Johnny"). His favorite brother, Coradon, died in 1944 at the age of 21, in the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. Five years later in 1949, his parents died within three months of each other.

Hoy Corydon and Sylvia Bell "Doup" Lynde.

Battle of the Bulge.

Lynde graduated from Mount Vernon High School in 1944, where he played the bass drum in the high school band. He then studied speech and drama at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where his classmates included Cloris Leachman, Charlotte Rae, Patricia Neal, Jeffrey Hunter, and Claude Akins. At Northwestern, he was active in the school's theatrical productions, and joined the Upsilon chapter of the fraternity Phi Kappa Sigma. He is listed among its most famous members. He graduated in 1948.

Mount Vernon High School (Ohio).

Career ~

After graduating from college, Lynde moved to New York City, taking odd jobs while looking for his show business break. His first appearance as a comic was at the famed supper club Number One Fifth Avenue. He made his Broadway debut in the hit revue New Faces of 1952 in which he co-starred with fellow newcomers Eartha Kitt, Robert Clary, Alice Ghostley, and Carol Lawrence. In his monolog from that revue, the "Trip of the Month Club", Lynde portrayed a man on crutches recounting his misadventures on the African safari trip he took with his late wife. The show was filmed and released as New Faces in 1954.

Leonard Sillman’s New Faces of 1952. Robert Clary (left) Eartha Kitt (center), Paul Lynde (right).

After the revue's run, Lynde co-starred in the short-lived 1956 sitcom Stanley opposite Buddy Hackett and Carol Burnett, both of whom were also starting their careers in show business. That year, he guest-starred on NBC's sitcom The Martha Raye Show.

Buddy Hackett, Carol Burnett.

Lynde returned to Broadway in 1960 when he was cast as Harry MacAfee, the father in Bye Bye Birdie. He also played the role in the 1963 film adaptation. That year, he recorded a live album, Recently Released, issued as an LP. He wrote all six tracks. Once he could afford writers, he rarely used his own material until his tenure on The Hollywood Squares years later.

Scene from Bye, Bye, Birdie.

Lynde was in great demand in the 1960s. During the 1961–62 television season he was a regular on NBC's The Perry Como Show as part of the Kraft Music Hall players with Don Adams, Kaye Ballard, and Sandy Stewart. He was a familiar face on many sitcoms, including The Phil Silvers Show, The Farmer's Daughter, The Patty Duke Show, The Munsters, The Flying Nun, Gidget, I Dream of Jeannie, and F Troop; and on variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show and The Dean Martin Show. He also was featured in several 1960s films, including Send Me No Flowers and The Glass Bottom Boat, both starring Doris Day. Lynde is widely known for his sitcom role on Bewitched.

Paul as Uncle Arthur on Bewitched.

Bewitched ~

In 1965, Lynde made his debut appearance on Bewitched during the first-season episode "Driving is the Only Way to Fly" (air date March 25, 1965). His role as mortal Harold Harold, Samantha Stephens' nervous driving instructor, was well received by viewers. Lynde also impressed series star Elizabeth Montgomery and her husband, director/producer William Asher, who created a recurring role for Lynde as Endora's practical-joking brother Uncle Arthur. Lynde made ten appearances on Bewitched as the beloved character, the first being "The Joker is a Card" (air date October 14, 1965). His final appearance in the sitcom was in "The House That Uncle Arthur Built" (February 11, 1971) in the series' seventh season. Paul Lynde, Elizabeth Montgomery, and William Asher became good friends and were regularly seen together off the set.

William Asher and Elizabeth Montgomery.

Television pilots:

Lynde starred in four failed television pilots in the 1960s:

- Howie (1962, CBS)

- Two's Company (1965, ABC)

- Sedgewick Hawk-Styles: Prince of Danger (1966, ABC)

- Manley and the Mob (1967, ABC)

Of the four shows, only the Victorian detective spoof Sedgewick Hawk-Styles: Prince of Danger was initially picked up by ABC, only to be canceled at the last minute. William Asher commented in the A&E Biography episode on Lynde that ABC had reservations about Lynde, most notably his increasingly erratic offscreen behavior and the persistent rumors of his homosexuality.

The Hollywood Squares ~

In 1966, Lynde debuted on the fledgling game show The Hollywood Squares and quickly became its iconic guest star. Eventually, he assumed a permanent spot as the "center square", a move that ensured that he would be called upon by contestants at least once in almost every round. Despite an urban legend claiming Lynde's contract guaranteed him the center square, he remained in the center at the producers' discretion.

The Hollywood Squares. Paul was always the center square.

On The Hollywood Squares, Lynde was best able to showcase his comedic talents with short, salty one-liners, spoken in his signature snickering delivery. Many gags were thinly-veiled allusions to his homosexuality. Other jokes relied on double entendre, an alleged fondness for deviant behaviors, or dealt with touchy subject matter for 1970s television.

Appearing in 1,083 episodes, Lynde garnered considerable fame and wealth from the series. He eventually became disenchanted with being what he called "boxed in" to The Hollywood Squares and he departed the series in 1979. In 1980, The Hollywood Squares experienced a downward trend in Nielsen ratings and Lynde was approached about returning to the program. He initially declined but changed his mind when told he would receive co-star billing with host Peter Marshall. He returned to the series in the spring of 1980 and remained with the show until its cancellation in February 1981.

Paul gives one of his one-liners as an answer on the Hollywood Squares.

Voice acting ~

Between 1969 and 1974, Lynde did extensive voice work on animated cartoons, particularly for Hanna-Barbera Productions. His most notable roles include:

- Templeton, the gluttonous rat in the 1973 animated feature Charlotte's Web

- Mildew Wolf, from It's the Wolf! (a segment of Cattanooga Cats)

- Claude Pertwee, neighbor on Where's Huddles?

- Sylvester Sneekly (aka "Hooded Claw") in The Perils of Penelope Pitstop

Lynde's sardonic inflections added a dimension to such lines as the sly, drawn-out whine, "What's in it for meeee?" His distinctive voice remains popular among impressionists. Although it is sometimes assumed that actress Alice Ghostley based her speech patterns and mannerisms on Lynde's, according to actress Kaye Ballard, "It was Paul who was influenced by Alice."

The Paul Lynde Show and Temperatures Rising ~

In 1972, Lynde starred in a short-lived ABC sitcom, The Paul Lynde Show. The series was a contractual fulfillment to ABC in place of an aborted ninth season of Bewitched.

Scene from the Paul Lynde Show.

Lynde starred as Paul Simms, an uptight attorney, and father who was at odds with his liberal-minded son-in-law. The family included wife Martha (Elizabeth Allen), daughters Sally (Pamelyn Ferdin) and Barbara (Jane Actman), Barbara's husband Howie (John Calvin) and Howie's parents (Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara).

Critics considered the show to be derivative of All in the Family, television's then most-popular primetime program, although many admitted the writing was excellent and that the sexual innuendoes gave it an extra note of spice. Lynde was nominated for a Best Actor Golden Globe for the show. Scheduled opposite the first half of the Top 30 hit The Carol Burnett Show on CBS and the Top 20 hit Adam-12 on NBC, the series garnered low ratings and was canceled after one season.

Contemporaneous media reports showed that viewers liked Lynde but not The Paul Lynde Show and liked another ABC show, Temperatures Rising, but disliked co-star James Whitmore. Unhappy himself, Whitmore left the show and ABC moved Lynde to Temperatures Rising for the 1973–74 season. This move came despite the objections of William Asher, producer of both shows, who also quit in protest of ABC's meddling.

James Whitmore.

Ratings for The New Temperatures Rising were even lower than the previous season, in part because Asher's replacements shifted the show's tone to a much darker one than the previous season. ABC canceled the show and its time slot was taken by mid-season replacement Happy Days.

ABC later decided to resuscitate the program, with additional cast changes (most notably, Alice Ghostley, who replaced Sudie Bond in the role of Lynde's sister, Edwina). ABC also convinced Asher, who admitted Lynde's presence likely saved the series, to come back. Seven further episodes were produced for Summer 1974 airings, after which the series was permanently canceled.

Summer stock theater ~

Lynde was a fixture on the Kenley Players summer stock theater circuit, appearing in Don't Drink the Water (1970, 1979), The Impossible Years (1969, 1978), Mother is Engaged (1974), My Daughter is Rated X (1973), Plaza Suite (1971), and Stop, Thief, Stop! (a retitled production of the play Three Goats and a Blanket, 1975). In all he appeared in nine Kenley Players productions, more than any other headliner. In the summer of 1980 Lynde toured the United States and Canada, headlining three one-act plays of "California Suite", "Plaza Suite", and "Last of the Red Hot Lovers", entitled 'Neil Simon's Suite', with cast members, Beverly Sanders, friend and bodyguard Paul Barresi, and Kristie Siverson.

Television specials and variety shows ~

Lynde's continuing popularity led to his being signed by ABC to host a series of specials from 1975 to 1979, including:

- The Paul Lynde Comedy Hour (November 6, 1975) with Jack Albertson, Nancy Walker, and the Osmonds;

- The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (October 29, 1976) featuring the first prime-time network appearance of KISS, along with Margaret Hamilton recreating her role as the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wizard of Oz. Hamilton and Billie Hayes (as H. R. Pufnstuf's Witchiepoo) teamed up in a skit where they ask Lynde to help them improve their (witches) image. Other guests included Betty White, Donny and Marie Osmond, Tim Conway, and Roz Kelly

KISS appeared for their first television appearance on Lynde's Halloween Special in 1976.

- The Paul Lynde Comedy Hour (April 23, 1977) with Cloris Leachman and Tony Randall

- 'Twas the Night Before Christmas (December 7, 1977) with Alice Ghostley, Martha Raye, George Gobel, and Foster Brooks

- The Paul Lynde Comedy Hour (May 20, 1978) with Juliet Prowse, Brenda Vaccaro, and Harry Morgan

- Paul Lynde at the Movies (March 24, 1979) with Betty White, Vicki Lawrence, Robert Urich, and Gary Coleman

- Paul Lynde Goes M-A-A-A-AD (May 20, 1979) with Marie Osmond, Charo, and Vicki Lawrence

Lynde was a regular guest on the variety show Donny & Marie between 1976 and 1978, until he lost his guest-starring role due to very public, drunken arguments with police officers.

Donny Osmond with Marie Osmond in 1977.

Guest appearances and film roles ~

Acting jobs continued to be scarce for Lynde, although it is unclear whether or not this was related to his alcoholism, which made him difficult to work with. As demand for his services declined, he accepted a wider variety of job offers.

In 1978, he appeared as a guest weatherman for WSPD-TV in Toledo, Ohio, to publicize both The Hollywood Squares and a summer stock performance.

In the 1979 comedy The Villain (released as Cactus Jack in the UK), he appeared as Indian chief Nervous Elk alongside former Bye Bye Birdie co-star Ann-Margret. It was his final film role.

Lynde with Kirk Douglas in The Villian, 1979. Paul's last film role.

Ann-Margret.

In November 1980, the Beaux Arts Society, Inc. (founded in 1857) designated Paul Lynde "King" of the Beaux Arts Ball, with Kitty Carlisle designated as "Queen". Paul Lynde remained a Life Member of the Beaux Arts Society from 1980 until his untimely death.

Awards ~

In 1976, at the Sixth Annual American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA) "Entertainer of the Year Awards," Lynde received an award for being voted the funniest man of the year. Lynde immediately turned his award over to host Jackie Gleason, citing him as "the funniest man ever." The unexpected gesture shocked Gleason.

Jackie Gleason.

Personal life ~

Despite his campy and flamboyant television persona, Lynde's private life and sexual orientation were not directly acknowledged or discussed on television or in other media during his lifetime. According to an essay on the website for The Biography Channel, in the 1970s, entertainment journalists did not investigate the private lives of performers who were best known as game show regulars.

People magazine cover with Paul Lynde.

A 1976 People magazine article on Lynde included text about Stan Finesmith, who was described as Lynde's hairstylist, "suite mate," and "chauffeur-bodyguard." The magazine included one photograph of Lynde as Finesmith styled his hair. During Lynde's lifetime, this was as close as the media came to hinting at his homosexuality. Cathy Rudolph, a friend of Lynde who published a 2013 book Paul Lynde: A Biography – His Life, His Love(s) and His Laughter, stated in a 2018 interview that "being gay and having to hide it frustrated him."

With the wealth Lynde had earned working on Hollywood Squares, he bought Errol Flynn's Hollywood mansion and spent an enormous amount of money on renovations and décor. He lived there with his beloved dog, Harry MacAfee, until Harry died in 1977. Afterward, Lynde could not stay in the house without him and later bought a new home.

Paul's Hollywood mansion was once owned by Errol Flynn.

Paul at home with his dog, Harry MacAfee.

Lynde suffered from weight problems, weighing 250 pounds (110 kilograms) when he graduated from high school. He was honored by Weight Watchers in 1977.

Struggles with alcohol ~

Lynde struggled with alcoholism and had numerous run-ins with the law, including frequent arrests for public intoxication. Peter Marshall and Kaye Ballard confirmed that Lynde, when inebriated, became very cruel, sometimes violent, and would sometimes ridicule his friends.

On July 18, 1965, Lynde was involved in an incident in which a friend, another young actor, accidentally fell to his death from the window of their hotel room in San Francisco's Sir Francis Drake Hotel. Lynde and 24-year-old James "Bing" Davidson had been drinking for hours when Davidson, while "horsing around," according to an Associated Press report, slipped and fell eight stories.

Beacon Grand Hotel. Formally the Sir Francis Drake Hotel.

In October 1977, Lynde was involved in an incident at his alma mater, Northwestern University, when he was the Grand Marshal for homecoming. At a fast food restaurant near the campus after the homecoming parade, he made racist remarks and gestures to black NU professor James P. Pitts. Lynde blamed his behavior on fatigue and inebriation.

In January 1978, while in Salt Lake City to record a segment for the TV variety show Donny & Marie, Lynde was arrested outside a tavern and charged with interfering with a police officer. Lynde's vehicle had been broken into and his valuables stolen while he was inside the tavern. The arresting officer had been investigating a different car burglary and claimed Lynde kept insisting that he "attend to Lynde's complaint" instead. The complaint was later dropped.

Determined to get his life back on track, Lynde became sober and drug-free in early 1980.

Death ~

On January 10, 1982, after Lynde failed to attend a birthday celebration, his friend, actor/model Paul Barresi, became concerned. When Barresi and another friend, actor Dean Dittman, could not get an answer after calling Lynde on the phone and knocking on Lynde's door, Barresi broke into the side entrance to Lynde's home in Beverly Hills, California, and found Lynde dead in his bed in the early morning hours of January 11, 1982. Lynde was 55 years old.

Stories circulated suggesting that Lynde had a visitor at the time of his death who fled the scene, but evidence indicated the stories were false. Lynde regularly activated his house alarm before retiring for the evening. When Barresi broke in, the alarm blared, indicating that Lynde had been alone at the time of his death and that Lynde had died in his sleep. Contrary to other reports that Lynde was found naked, Barresi said, "Not so. Paul was in his pajamas and wearing a robe."

Paul Barresi. Paul Lynde's friend who found his body.

The coroner ruled the death was caused by a heart attack. Lynde's cremated remains are interred at Amity Cemetery, in Amity, Knox County, Ohio, next to those of his brother Johnny and his sister Helen. His mother, father, and veteran brother, Coradon, are buried at the same cemetery.

Legacy ~

A biography was published in 2005, titled Center Square: The Paul Lynde Story. Authors Steve Wilson and Joe Florenski described Lynde as "Liberace without a piano" and that to most 1970s-era viewers, he was "a frustrated bit player and character actor on a daytime game show." To the homosexual community, his reputation was less than stellar: "In some ways, he came to symbolize what's perceived to be a self-loathing era for gay culture."

Lynde's distinctive vocal delivery has also been widely imitated:

- Cartoon creator/voice actor Seth MacFarlane has acknowledged that the voice of Roger the Alien on American Dad! was modeled after Lynde.

- Actor/comedian Michael Airington portrays Lynde in the show Oh My Goodness It's Paul Lynde and An Evening with Paul Lynde, recreating Lynde's 1976 live show and Off Center: The Paul Lynde Show. Airington licensed the rights from the Paul Lynde Estate following a copyright claim. He also sang the theme of Samurai Pizza Cats in an impersonated Paul Lynde voice.

- Steve Carell's portrayal of Uncle Arthur in the 2005 film version of Bewitched is done as an impression of Lynde.

- Veteran voice actor and Skywalker Sound editor David Acord used an impression of Lynde's distinctive speech pattern for the portrayal of the droid EV-A4-D in an episode of Star Wars: The Clone Wars.

- In 2018, drag queen BenDeLaCreme won the "Snatch Game" episode of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars with a portrayal of Lynde.

- In July 2020, it was announced that actor and comedian Billy Eichner and producer Tom McNulty were developing a biopic based on the life of Lynde entitled Man in the Box, with Eichner set to star as Lynde.

- Richard Squires' 2018 experimental documentary Doozy examines Lynde's queer-coded voice work as a Hanna-Barbera cartoon villain.

Paul Lynde in F-Troop.

Paul Lynde's Halloween Special.

Paul Lynde's Recently Released LP.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Paul Lynde's career in show business lasted over 32-years.

Paul's graduation photo.

Brothers and sisters. From left; Grace, Johnny, Helen, and Cordy.

With his siblings. Paul is the baby in white, front row.

Hoy Corydon Lynde. Paul's father.

Sylvia Bell Doup Lynde. Paul's mother.

Sylvia Bell Doup Lynde as a young woman.

Coradon George Lynde. He was killed in action during the Battle of the Bulge.

Coradon George Lynde working on the school year book.

Grace Elizabeth Lynde Rice. Paul's sister.

Paul with his sister Grace.

Helen Louise Lynde Rice. Another of Paul's sisters.

John Robert Lynde. Paul's brother.

John Robert Lynde as a teenager.

Richard Hoy Lynde. Another of Paul's brothers.

Flag of Mount Vernon, Ohio.

Paul visits his home town.

Comedian Paul Lynde, a native of Mount Vernon, Ohio, is shown feeding Bud at the pachyderm building at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in this July 5, 1978 file photo. Lynde visited the zoo for a one-hour tour at the invitation of Mel Dodge, then our city's Recreation and Parks director. Lynde was in town to star in Kenley Players' "The Impossible Years." While at the zoo, Lynde gamely tossed one-liners at a bear, llama, and hippo. He and Dodge also went inside the cage of Elsa the Lion, the zoo's 11-month-old marketing star, for some playful bear hugs. Our July 6, 1978, page-one story reported that Lynde escaped from Elsa's cage unscathed but that Dodge had a small scratch on the side of his face. Lynde strolled around the zoo sharing autographs and greetings. He said that as a youngster in Ohio, he had visited the zoo twice yearly with his family.

Paul signs autographs for fans.

Paul with Hollywood Squares' host, Peter Marshall and their dates.

Paul with Nancy Walker.

Alice Ghostley,

Doris Day,

Eartha Kitt.

Elizabeth Montgomery,

Foster Brooks,

Harry Morgan.

Jack Albertson.

Jane Actman.

Karen Valentine and Paul.

Kaye Ballard.

Kiss (band).

Kitty Carlisle. 2000.

Liberace.

Margaret Hamilton with Oscar the Grouch on episode #0847 of Sesame Street, 1976.

Mel Brooks.

Pamelyn Ferdin. 1973.

Dom deluise and Paul, in drag, doing a skit.

Peter Marshall.

Robert Clary.

Jerry Stiller and Ann Meara publicity photo with an autograph, 1965.

The Osmonds.

Tim Conway. 2007.

Tony Randall. 1976.

Vicki Lawrence. 2024.

James Binger 'Bing' Davidson.

James Binger 'Bing' Davidson.

James Davidson is seen in the top left in an uncredited role in the 1965 movie Harlow.

James Binger Davidson Pasadena Independent July 19 1965,

Paul played the role of Dr. Edward Dudley on the 1960s comedy series, The Munsters. He became the Munsters' family doctor which was good since Dr. Dudley's eyesite was so poor, he couldn't see anything without his glasses. And, in most cases, he only saw them when he was without his specs.

Finally, Dr. Dudley gets his glasses back from his nurse.

He then sees Herman Munster as he really is.

He does get usedd to the Munster family and calms down like in this scene where son Eddie Munster grows a beard.

Uncle Arthur (Paul Lynde), Endora's prank-loving, joke & pun telling brother, makes several appearances. Despite many practical jokes at Darrin's expense, Uncle Arthur has a less antagonistic relationship with him than Endora does. In one episode, both Serena and Uncle Arthur go head-to-head with the Witches Council to support the Stephenses' union, only to have their own powers suspended. Samantha is clearly very fond of her uncle, and vice versa.